2 # SPDX-License-Identifier: BSD-3-Clause
3 # Copyright(c) 2010-2014 Intel Corporation
6 from __future__ import print_function
12 from os.path import exists, abspath, dirname, basename
13 from os.path import join as path_join
15 if sys.version_info.major < 3:
16 print("WARNING: Python 2 is deprecated for use in DPDK, and will not work in future releases.", file=sys.stderr)
17 print("Please use Python 3 instead", file=sys.stderr)
19 # The PCI base class for all devices
20 network_class = {'Class': '02', 'Vendor': None, 'Device': None,
21 'SVendor': None, 'SDevice': None}
22 acceleration_class = {'Class': '12', 'Vendor': None, 'Device': None,
23 'SVendor': None, 'SDevice': None}
24 ifpga_class = {'Class': '12', 'Vendor': '8086', 'Device': '0b30',
25 'SVendor': None, 'SDevice': None}
26 encryption_class = {'Class': '10', 'Vendor': None, 'Device': None,
27 'SVendor': None, 'SDevice': None}
28 intel_processor_class = {'Class': '0b', 'Vendor': '8086', 'Device': None,
29 'SVendor': None, 'SDevice': None}
30 cavium_sso = {'Class': '08', 'Vendor': '177d', 'Device': 'a04b,a04d',
31 'SVendor': None, 'SDevice': None}
32 cavium_fpa = {'Class': '08', 'Vendor': '177d', 'Device': 'a053',
33 'SVendor': None, 'SDevice': None}
34 cavium_pkx = {'Class': '08', 'Vendor': '177d', 'Device': 'a0dd,a049',
35 'SVendor': None, 'SDevice': None}
36 cavium_tim = {'Class': '08', 'Vendor': '177d', 'Device': 'a051',
37 'SVendor': None, 'SDevice': None}
38 cavium_zip = {'Class': '12', 'Vendor': '177d', 'Device': 'a037',
39 'SVendor': None, 'SDevice': None}
40 avp_vnic = {'Class': '05', 'Vendor': '1af4', 'Device': '1110',
41 'SVendor': None, 'SDevice': None}
43 octeontx2_sso = {'Class': '08', 'Vendor': '177d', 'Device': 'a0f9,a0fa',
44 'SVendor': None, 'SDevice': None}
45 octeontx2_npa = {'Class': '08', 'Vendor': '177d', 'Device': 'a0fb,a0fc',
46 'SVendor': None, 'SDevice': None}
47 octeontx2_dma = {'Class': '08', 'Vendor': '177d', 'Device': 'a081',
48 'SVendor': None, 'SDevice': None}
50 intel_ioat_bdw = {'Class': '08', 'Vendor': '8086', 'Device': '6f20,6f21,6f22,6f23,6f24,6f25,6f26,6f27,6f2e,6f2f',
51 'SVendor': None, 'SDevice': None}
52 intel_ioat_skx = {'Class': '08', 'Vendor': '8086', 'Device': '2021',
53 'SVendor': None, 'SDevice': None}
54 intel_ioat_icx = {'Class': '08', 'Vendor': '8086', 'Device': '0b00',
55 'SVendor': None, 'SDevice': None}
56 intel_ntb_skx = {'Class': '06', 'Vendor': '8086', 'Device': '201c',
57 'SVendor': None, 'SDevice': None}
59 network_devices = [network_class, cavium_pkx, avp_vnic, ifpga_class]
60 baseband_devices = [acceleration_class]
61 crypto_devices = [encryption_class, intel_processor_class]
62 eventdev_devices = [cavium_sso, cavium_tim, octeontx2_sso]
63 mempool_devices = [cavium_fpa, octeontx2_npa]
64 compress_devices = [cavium_zip]
65 misc_devices = [intel_ioat_bdw, intel_ioat_skx, intel_ioat_icx, intel_ntb_skx, octeontx2_dma]
67 # global dict ethernet devices present. Dictionary indexed by PCI address.
68 # Each device within this is itself a dictionary of device properties
70 # list of supported DPDK drivers
71 dpdk_drivers = ["igb_uio", "vfio-pci", "uio_pci_generic"]
72 # list of currently loaded kernel modules
75 # command-line arg flags
83 '''Print usage information for the program'''
84 argv0 = basename(sys.argv[0])
89 %(argv0)s [options] DEVICE1 DEVICE2 ....
91 where DEVICE1, DEVICE2 etc, are specified via PCI "domain:bus:slot.func" syntax
92 or "bus:slot.func" syntax. For devices bound to Linux kernel drivers, they may
93 also be referred to by Linux interface name e.g. eth0, eth1, em0, em1, etc.
94 If devices are specified using PCI <domain:>bus:device:func format, then
95 shell wildcards and ranges may be used, e.g. 80:04.*, 80:04.[0-3]
99 Display usage information and quit
102 Print the current status of all known network, crypto, event
104 For each device, it displays the PCI domain, bus, slot and function,
105 along with a text description of the device. Depending upon whether the
106 device is being used by a kernel driver, the igb_uio driver, or no
107 driver, other relevant information will be displayed:
108 * the Linux interface name e.g. if=eth0
109 * the driver being used e.g. drv=igb_uio
110 * any suitable drivers not currently using that device
112 NOTE: if this flag is passed along with a bind/unbind option, the
113 status display will always occur after the other operations have taken
117 Print the status of given device group. Supported device groups are:
118 "net", "baseband", "crypto", "event", "mempool" and "compress"
120 -b driver, --bind=driver:
121 Select the driver to use or \"none\" to unbind the device
124 Unbind a device (Equivalent to \"-b none\")
127 By default, network devices which are used by Linux - as indicated by
128 having routes in the routing table - cannot be modified. Using the
129 --force flag overrides this behavior, allowing active links to be
131 WARNING: This can lead to loss of network connection and should be used
137 To display current device status:
140 To display current network device status:
141 %(argv0)s --status-dev net
143 To bind eth1 from the current driver and move to use igb_uio
144 %(argv0)s --bind=igb_uio eth1
146 To unbind 0000:01:00.0 from using any driver
147 %(argv0)s -u 0000:01:00.0
149 To bind 0000:02:00.0 and 0000:02:00.1 to the ixgbe kernel driver
150 %(argv0)s -b ixgbe 02:00.0 02:00.1
152 To bind all functions on device 0000:02:00 to ixgbe kernel driver
153 %(argv0)s -b ixgbe 02:00.*
155 """ % locals()) # replace items from local variables
158 # This is roughly compatible with check_output function in subprocess module
159 # which is only available in python 2.7.
160 def check_output(args, stderr=None):
161 '''Run a command and capture its output'''
162 return subprocess.Popen(args, stdout=subprocess.PIPE,
163 stderr=stderr).communicate()[0]
165 # check if a specific kernel module is loaded
166 def module_is_loaded(module):
167 global loaded_modules
169 if module == 'vfio_pci':
173 return module in loaded_modules
175 # Get list of sysfs modules (both built-in and dynamically loaded)
176 sysfs_path = '/sys/module/'
178 # Get the list of directories in sysfs_path
179 sysfs_mods = [m for m in os.listdir(sysfs_path)
180 if os.path.isdir(os.path.join(sysfs_path, m))]
182 # special case for vfio_pci (module is named vfio-pci,
183 # but its .ko is named vfio_pci)
184 sysfs_mods = [a if a != 'vfio_pci' else 'vfio-pci' for a in sysfs_mods]
186 loaded_modules = sysfs_mods
188 return module in sysfs_mods
192 '''Checks that igb_uio is loaded'''
195 # list of supported modules
196 mods = [{"Name": driver, "Found": False} for driver in dpdk_drivers]
198 # first check if module is loaded
200 if module_is_loaded(mod["Name"]):
203 # check if we have at least one loaded module
204 if True not in [mod["Found"] for mod in mods] and b_flag is not None:
205 print("Warning: no supported DPDK kernel modules are loaded", file=sys.stderr)
207 # change DPDK driver list to only contain drivers that are loaded
208 dpdk_drivers = [mod["Name"] for mod in mods if mod["Found"]]
211 def has_driver(dev_id):
212 '''return true if a device is assigned to a driver. False otherwise'''
213 return "Driver_str" in devices[dev_id]
216 def get_pci_device_details(dev_id, probe_lspci):
217 '''This function gets additional details for a PCI device'''
221 extra_info = check_output(["lspci", "-vmmks", dev_id]).splitlines()
223 # parse lspci details
224 for line in extra_info:
227 name, value = line.decode("utf8").split("\t", 1)
228 name = name.strip(":") + "_str"
230 # check for a unix interface name
231 device["Interface"] = ""
232 for base, dirs, _ in os.walk("/sys/bus/pci/devices/%s/" % dev_id):
234 device["Interface"] = \
235 ",".join(os.listdir(os.path.join(base, "net")))
237 # check if a port is used for ssh connection
238 device["Ssh_if"] = False
239 device["Active"] = ""
244 '''This function clears any old data'''
248 def get_device_details(devices_type):
249 '''This function populates the "devices" dictionary. The keys used are
250 the pci addresses (domain:bus:slot.func). The values are themselves
251 dictionaries - one for each NIC.'''
255 # first loop through and read details for all devices
256 # request machine readable format, with numeric IDs and String
258 dev_lines = check_output(["lspci", "-Dvmmnnk"]).splitlines()
259 for dev_line in dev_lines:
260 if len(dev_line) == 0:
261 if device_type_match(dev, devices_type):
262 # Replace "Driver" with "Driver_str" to have consistency of
263 # of dictionary key names
264 if "Driver" in dev.keys():
265 dev["Driver_str"] = dev.pop("Driver")
266 if "Module" in dev.keys():
267 dev["Module_str"] = dev.pop("Module")
268 # use dict to make copy of dev
269 devices[dev["Slot"]] = dict(dev)
270 # Clear previous device's data
273 name, value = dev_line.decode("utf8").split("\t", 1)
274 value_list = value.rsplit(' ', 1)
275 if len(value_list) > 1:
276 # String stored in <name>_str
277 dev[name.rstrip(":") + '_str'] = value_list[0]
279 dev[name.rstrip(":")] = value_list[len(value_list) - 1] \
280 .rstrip("]").lstrip("[")
282 if devices_type == network_devices:
283 # check what is the interface if any for an ssh connection if
284 # any to this host, so we can mark it later.
286 route = check_output(["ip", "-o", "route"])
287 # filter out all lines for 169.254 routes
288 route = "\n".join(filter(lambda ln: not ln.startswith("169.254"),
289 route.decode().splitlines()))
290 rt_info = route.split()
291 for i in range(len(rt_info) - 1):
292 if rt_info[i] == "dev":
293 ssh_if.append(rt_info[i+1])
295 # based on the basic info, get extended text details
296 for d in devices.keys():
297 if not device_type_match(devices[d], devices_type):
300 # get additional info and add it to existing data
301 devices[d] = devices[d].copy()
302 # No need to probe lspci
303 devices[d].update(get_pci_device_details(d, False).items())
305 if devices_type == network_devices:
307 if _if in devices[d]["Interface"].split(","):
308 devices[d]["Ssh_if"] = True
309 devices[d]["Active"] = "*Active*"
312 # add igb_uio to list of supporting modules if needed
313 if "Module_str" in devices[d]:
314 for driver in dpdk_drivers:
315 if driver not in devices[d]["Module_str"]:
316 devices[d]["Module_str"] = \
317 devices[d]["Module_str"] + ",%s" % driver
319 devices[d]["Module_str"] = ",".join(dpdk_drivers)
321 # make sure the driver and module strings do not have any duplicates
323 modules = devices[d]["Module_str"].split(",")
324 if devices[d]["Driver_str"] in modules:
325 modules.remove(devices[d]["Driver_str"])
326 devices[d]["Module_str"] = ",".join(modules)
329 def device_type_match(dev, devices_type):
330 for i in range(len(devices_type)):
332 [x for x in devices_type[i].values() if x is not None])
334 if dev["Class"][0:2] == devices_type[i]["Class"]:
335 match_count = match_count + 1
336 for key in devices_type[i].keys():
337 if key != 'Class' and devices_type[i][key]:
338 value_list = devices_type[i][key].split(',')
339 for value in value_list:
340 if value.strip(' ') == dev[key]:
341 match_count = match_count + 1
342 # count must be the number of non None parameters to match
343 if match_count == param_count:
347 def dev_id_from_dev_name(dev_name):
348 '''Take a device "name" - a string passed in by user to identify a NIC
349 device, and determine the device id - i.e. the domain:bus:slot.func - for
350 it, which can then be used to index into the devices array'''
352 # check if it's already a suitable index
353 if dev_name in devices:
355 # check if it's an index just missing the domain part
356 elif "0000:" + dev_name in devices:
357 return "0000:" + dev_name
359 # check if it's an interface name, e.g. eth1
360 for d in devices.keys():
361 if dev_name in devices[d]["Interface"].split(","):
362 return devices[d]["Slot"]
363 # if nothing else matches - error
364 raise ValueError("Unknown device: %s. "
365 "Please specify device in \"bus:slot.func\" format" % dev_name)
368 def unbind_one(dev_id, force):
369 '''Unbind the device identified by "dev_id" from its current driver'''
370 dev = devices[dev_id]
371 if not has_driver(dev_id):
372 print("Notice: %s %s %s is not currently managed by any driver" %
373 (dev["Slot"], dev["Device_str"], dev["Interface"]), file=sys.stderr)
376 # prevent us disconnecting ourselves
377 if dev["Ssh_if"] and not force:
378 print("Warning: routing table indicates that interface %s is active. "
379 "Skipping unbind" % dev_id, file=sys.stderr)
382 # write to /sys to unbind
383 filename = "/sys/bus/pci/drivers/%s/unbind" % dev["Driver_str"]
385 f = open(filename, "a")
387 sys.exit("Error: unbind failed for %s - Cannot open %s" %
393 def bind_one(dev_id, driver, force):
394 '''Bind the device given by "dev_id" to the driver "driver". If the device
395 is already bound to a different driver, it will be unbound first'''
396 dev = devices[dev_id]
397 saved_driver = None # used to rollback any unbind in case of failure
399 # prevent disconnection of our ssh session
400 if dev["Ssh_if"] and not force:
401 print("Warning: routing table indicates that interface %s is active. "
402 "Not modifying" % dev_id, file=sys.stderr)
405 # unbind any existing drivers we don't want
406 if has_driver(dev_id):
407 if dev["Driver_str"] == driver:
408 print("Notice: %s already bound to driver %s, skipping" %
409 (dev_id, driver), file=sys.stderr)
412 saved_driver = dev["Driver_str"]
413 unbind_one(dev_id, force)
414 dev["Driver_str"] = "" # clear driver string
416 # For kernels >= 3.15 driver_override can be used to specify the driver
417 # for a device rather than relying on the driver to provide a positive
418 # match of the device. The existing process of looking up
419 # the vendor and device ID, adding them to the driver new_id,
420 # will erroneously bind other devices too which has the additional burden
421 # of unbinding those devices
422 if driver in dpdk_drivers:
423 filename = "/sys/bus/pci/devices/%s/driver_override" % dev_id
424 if os.path.exists(filename):
426 f = open(filename, "w")
428 print("Error: bind failed for %s - Cannot open %s"
429 % (dev_id, filename), file=sys.stderr)
432 f.write("%s" % driver)
435 print("Error: bind failed for %s - Cannot write driver %s to "
436 "PCI ID " % (dev_id, driver), file=sys.stderr)
438 # For kernels < 3.15 use new_id to add PCI id's to the driver
440 filename = "/sys/bus/pci/drivers/%s/new_id" % driver
442 f = open(filename, "w")
444 print("Error: bind failed for %s - Cannot open %s"
445 % (dev_id, filename), file=sys.stderr)
448 # Convert Device and Vendor Id to int to write to new_id
449 f.write("%04x %04x" % (int(dev["Vendor"],16),
450 int(dev["Device"], 16)))
453 print("Error: bind failed for %s - Cannot write new PCI ID to "
454 "driver %s" % (dev_id, driver), file=sys.stderr)
457 # do the bind by writing to /sys
458 filename = "/sys/bus/pci/drivers/%s/bind" % driver
460 f = open(filename, "a")
462 print("Error: bind failed for %s - Cannot open %s"
463 % (dev_id, filename), file=sys.stderr)
464 if saved_driver is not None: # restore any previous driver
465 bind_one(dev_id, saved_driver, force)
471 # for some reason, closing dev_id after adding a new PCI ID to new_id
472 # results in IOError. however, if the device was successfully bound,
473 # we don't care for any errors and can safely ignore IOError
474 tmp = get_pci_device_details(dev_id, True)
475 if "Driver_str" in tmp and tmp["Driver_str"] == driver:
477 print("Error: bind failed for %s - Cannot bind to driver %s"
478 % (dev_id, driver), file=sys.stderr)
479 if saved_driver is not None: # restore any previous driver
480 bind_one(dev_id, saved_driver, force)
483 # For kernels > 3.15 driver_override is used to bind a device to a driver.
484 # Before unbinding it, overwrite driver_override with empty string so that
485 # the device can be bound to any other driver
486 filename = "/sys/bus/pci/devices/%s/driver_override" % dev_id
487 if os.path.exists(filename):
489 f = open(filename, "w")
491 sys.exit("Error: unbind failed for %s - Cannot open %s"
492 % (dev_id, filename))
497 sys.exit("Error: unbind failed for %s - Cannot open %s"
498 % (dev_id, filename))
501 def unbind_all(dev_list, force=False):
502 """Unbind method, takes a list of device locations"""
504 if dev_list[0] == "dpdk":
505 for d in devices.keys():
506 if "Driver_str" in devices[d]:
507 if devices[d]["Driver_str"] in dpdk_drivers:
508 unbind_one(devices[d]["Slot"], force)
512 dev_list = map(dev_id_from_dev_name, dev_list)
513 except ValueError as ex:
521 def bind_all(dev_list, driver, force=False):
522 """Bind method, takes a list of device locations"""
525 # a common user error is to forget to specify the driver the devices need to
526 # be bound to. check if the driver is a valid device, and if it is, show
527 # a meaningful error.
529 dev_id_from_dev_name(driver)
530 # if we've made it this far, this means that the "driver" was a valid
531 # device string, so it's probably not a valid driver name.
532 sys.exit("Error: Driver '%s' does not look like a valid driver. " \
533 "Did you forget to specify the driver to bind devices to?" % driver)
535 # driver generated error - it's not a valid device ID, so all is well
538 # check if we're attempting to bind to a driver that isn't loaded
539 if not module_is_loaded(driver.replace('-','_')):
540 sys.exit("Error: Driver '%s' is not loaded." % driver)
543 dev_list = map(dev_id_from_dev_name, dev_list)
544 except ValueError as ex:
548 bind_one(d, driver, force)
550 # For kernels < 3.15 when binding devices to a generic driver
551 # (i.e. one that doesn't have a PCI ID table) using new_id, some devices
552 # that are not bound to any other driver could be bound even if no one has
553 # asked them to. hence, we check the list of drivers again, and see if
554 # some of the previously-unbound devices were erroneously bound.
555 if not os.path.exists("/sys/bus/pci/devices/%s/driver_override" % d):
556 for d in devices.keys():
557 # skip devices that were already bound or that we know should be bound
558 if "Driver_str" in devices[d] or d in dev_list:
561 # update information about this device
562 devices[d] = dict(devices[d].items() +
563 get_pci_device_details(d, True).items())
565 # check if updated information indicates that the device was bound
566 if "Driver_str" in devices[d]:
570 def display_devices(title, dev_list, extra_params=None):
571 '''Displays to the user the details of a list of devices given in
572 "dev_list". The "extra_params" parameter, if given, should contain a string
573 with %()s fields in it for replacement by the named fields in each
574 device's dictionary.'''
575 strings = [] # this holds the strings to print. We sort before printing
576 print("\n%s" % title)
577 print("="*len(title))
578 if len(dev_list) == 0:
579 strings.append("<none>")
582 if extra_params is not None:
583 strings.append("%s '%s %s' %s" % (dev["Slot"],
588 strings.append("%s '%s'" % (dev["Slot"], dev["Device_str"]))
589 # sort before printing, so that the entries appear in PCI order
591 print("\n".join(strings)) # print one per line
593 def show_device_status(devices_type, device_name, if_field=False):
599 # split our list of network devices into the three categories above
600 for d in devices.keys():
601 if device_type_match(devices[d], devices_type):
602 if not has_driver(d):
603 no_drv.append(devices[d])
605 if devices[d]["Driver_str"] in dpdk_drivers:
606 dpdk_drv.append(devices[d])
608 kernel_drv.append(devices[d])
610 n_devs = len(dpdk_drv) + len(kernel_drv) + len(no_drv)
612 # don't bother displaying anything if there are no devices
614 msg = "No '%s' devices detected" % device_name
617 print("".join('=' * len(msg)))
620 # print each category separately, so we can clearly see what's used by DPDK
621 if len(dpdk_drv) != 0:
622 display_devices("%s devices using DPDK-compatible driver" % device_name,
623 dpdk_drv, "drv=%(Driver_str)s unused=%(Module_str)s")
624 if len(kernel_drv) != 0:
627 if_text = "if=%(Interface)s "
628 display_devices("%s devices using kernel driver" % device_name, kernel_drv,
629 if_text + "drv=%(Driver_str)s "
630 "unused=%(Module_str)s %(Active)s")
632 display_devices("Other %s devices" % device_name, no_drv,
633 "unused=%(Module_str)s")
636 '''Function called when the script is passed the "--status" option.
637 Displays to the user what devices are bound to the igb_uio driver, the
638 kernel driver or to no driver'''
640 if status_dev == "net" or status_dev == "all":
641 show_device_status(network_devices, "Network", if_field=True)
643 if status_dev == "baseband" or status_dev == "all":
644 show_device_status(baseband_devices, "Baseband")
646 if status_dev == "crypto" or status_dev == "all":
647 show_device_status(crypto_devices, "Crypto")
649 if status_dev == "event" or status_dev == "all":
650 show_device_status(eventdev_devices, "Eventdev")
652 if status_dev == "mempool" or status_dev == "all":
653 show_device_status(mempool_devices, "Mempool")
655 if status_dev == "compress" or status_dev == "all":
656 show_device_status(compress_devices , "Compress")
658 if status_dev == "misc" or status_dev == "all":
659 show_device_status(misc_devices, "Misc (rawdev)")
663 '''Returns a list containing either:
664 * List of PCI B:D:F matching arg, using shell wildcards e.g. 80:04.*
665 * Only the passed arg if matching list is empty'''
666 sysfs_path = "/sys/bus/pci/devices"
667 for _glob in [arg, '0000:' + arg]:
668 paths = [basename(path) for path in glob(path_join(sysfs_path, _glob))]
675 '''Parses the command-line arguments given by the user and takes the
676 appropriate action for each'''
682 if len(sys.argv) <= 1:
687 opts, args = getopt.getopt(sys.argv[1:], "b:us",
688 ["help", "usage", "status", "status-dev=",
689 "force", "bind=", "unbind", ])
690 except getopt.GetoptError as error:
692 print("Run '%s --usage' for further information" % sys.argv[0])
695 for opt, arg in opts:
696 if opt == "--help" or opt == "--usage":
699 if opt == "--status-dev":
702 if opt == "--status" or opt == "-s":
707 if opt == "-b" or opt == "-u" or opt == "--bind" or opt == "--unbind":
708 if b_flag is not None:
709 sys.exit("Error: binding and unbinding are mutually exclusive")
710 if opt == "-u" or opt == "--unbind":
715 # resolve any PCI globs in the args
718 new_args.extend(pci_glob(arg))
721 def do_arg_actions():
722 '''do the actual action requested by the user'''
728 if b_flag is None and not status_flag:
729 print("Error: No action specified for devices. "
730 "Please give a -b or -u option", file=sys.stderr)
734 if b_flag is not None and len(args) == 0:
735 print("Error: No devices specified.", file=sys.stderr)
739 if b_flag == "none" or b_flag == "None":
740 unbind_all(args, force_flag)
741 elif b_flag is not None:
742 bind_all(args, b_flag, force_flag)
744 if b_flag is not None:
746 # refresh if we have changed anything
747 get_device_details(network_devices)
748 get_device_details(baseband_devices)
749 get_device_details(crypto_devices)
750 get_device_details(eventdev_devices)
751 get_device_details(mempool_devices)
752 get_device_details(compress_devices)
753 get_device_details(misc_devices)
758 '''program main function'''
759 # check if lspci is installed, suppress any output
760 with open(os.devnull, 'w') as devnull:
761 ret = subprocess.call(['which', 'lspci'],
762 stdout=devnull, stderr=devnull)
764 sys.exit("'lspci' not found - please install 'pciutils'")
768 get_device_details(network_devices)
769 get_device_details(baseband_devices)
770 get_device_details(crypto_devices)
771 get_device_details(eventdev_devices)
772 get_device_details(mempool_devices)
773 get_device_details(compress_devices)
774 get_device_details(misc_devices)
777 if __name__ == "__main__":